“More of a coronation than real contest.” That’s how the Kenyan daily
The Standard characterised
Rwanda’s presidential
poll slated for 4 August. It sums up the reality well. In countries
with competitive politics, elections are an important moment giving rise
to debate and excitement. Not so in Rwanda.
Rwandans have become accustomed to polls where everything is settled
in advance. This was the case before the genocide, when the country was
officially a one-party state. And it has been the case since 1994, after
which Rwanda became a
de facto one-party state under the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF).
The current template for elections was set in 2003, when a
constitutional referendum and the first post-genocide elections were
held. In the run-up to these polls, the last genuine opposition party
was banned, while the campaign was marred by arrests, disappearances and
intimidation. An EU observer mission
noted that, ironically, “political pluralism is more limited than during the transition period”.
The polls themselves were
replete
with allegations of fraud, manipulation of electoral lists, ballot-box
stuffing, and flawed counting. Paul Kagame was declared the winner with
95% of the vote.
Similar
dynamics
were seen in the 2008 and 2013 parliamentary elections as well as the
2010 presidential poll. Opposition leaders were arrested and condemned
to long prison sentences, while other critical voices were killed or
went into exile.
In 2010, there were reports of local leaders going from door to door
to collect voters’ cards and submitting their ballots for them. The
Commonwealth observer mission at the time
noted that “it was not possible to ascertain quite where, how and when the tabulation was completed”.
Kagame until 2034?
The presidential elections in 2010 were expected to be Kagame’s last.
He was beginning his second constitutionally-mandated seven-year term
and denied that he would seek re-election. He even
claimed
it would be a failure on his part to find a replacement and warned that
“those who seek a third term will seek a fourth and a fifth”.
Nevertheless, many remained sceptical that Kagame would step down,
and in May 2013, his position became clearer when Justice Minister
Tharcisse Karugarama was sacked shortly after insisting in an interview
that Kagame would have to leave power in 2017 in accordance with the
law.
By this time, a campaign had already started aimed at “convincing”
the president to stay in office. In 2015, this culminated in 3.7 million
Rwandans signing a petition – some under significant
pressure
– demanding that parliament enact constitutional changes that would
allow Kagame to remain in power. It was claimed that this was a
spontaneous action by the people, but it is unlikely such an operation
could have been organised without the president’s knowledge and
direction.
In subsequent “consultations” on the matter held throughout the
country, MPs and senators claimed to have only found ten people – out of
a population of 11 million – who opposed the initiative. Soon after,
both houses unanimously approved a constitutional amendment to be put to
a referendum.
The proposed revision called for maintaining the two-term limit and
reducing term lengths from seven to five years. It also included a
crucial provision allowing the incumbent to first run for an additional
seven-year term, after which he would be eligible to bid for two more
five-year terms. The changes effectively allow Kagame to stay in power
until 2034, by which time he would have ruled Rwanda for 40 years.
While the issue of term limits has led to protests in many African
countries, in Rwanda there was no debate or demonstrations around the
December 2015 referendum. This was not surprising given that since the
RPF took power, no demonstrations have taken place that were not
organised by the regime itself. The amendment passed with 98.3% of the
popular vote.
On 31 December 2015, President Kagame
announced
that he would run again, saying: “You requested me to lead this country
again after 2017. Given the importance and consideration you attach to
this, I can only accept”.
The candidates
Others also declared their intention to stand in 2017, including a
handful of independents, but they have faced significant obstructions.
In May 2017, 35-year-old Diana Rwigara announced her candidacy,
saying
“people are tired, people are angry”. She had previously shown courage
in criticising the government and human rights abuses. In the days
following her announcement, doctored nude photographs of her circulated
on social media.
Another aspirant, the Catholic prelate turned politician Thomas Nahimana, was
denied access to Rwanda. Meanwhile, Gilbert Mwenedata,
claimed that he was refused rooms by hotels in Kigali to hold a press conference to announce his plans.
The challenges facing independent candidates are dauntingly high to
begin with. To be eligible, they must collect 600 signatures of support,
including at least 12 from each of 30 districts. This may not seem
much, but in an environment that does not tolerate criticism of the
regime, it takes a lot of courage to reveal oneself to be an opposition
supporter. Rwigara claimed that local leaders threatened her supporters
as they tried to gather signatures.
Nevertheless, at least two hopefuls – Rwigara and Mwenedata – claimed
to have met this requirement. But the National Electoral Commission
(NEC) rejected their candidacies, claiming many of the signatures
gathered were invalid. The NEC did not allow the candidates to see their
lists to work out which names were disqualified, and several diplomats
in Kigali
expressed concern over the process.
In the end, only one independent hopeful – the little-known former
journalist Philippe Mpayimana – made it onto the NEC’s final list.
The barriers for political parties are less onerous, and the
Democratic Green Party’s (DGP) Frank Habineza was affirmed as the third
and final presidential candidate. All other parties
announced that they would not field nominees, but instead back Kagame.
No level playing field
As in previous elections in Rwanda, 2017’s opposition candidates have
not faced an easy time or a level playing field in the run up to the
polls.
While the RPF benefits from vast financial resources through its
business ventures, other hopefuls were warned by the NEC against raising
funds before being declared eligible. The electoral commission also
announced in May that any social media messages by candidates or parties
had to be submitted for vetting 48 hours prior to publication. Habineza
called the decision “oppressive” and, after strong diplomatic protest, the measure was rescinded in early-June.
Opposition parties – in particular the non-registered FDU-Inkingi – have also seen their cadres arrested or
disappeared. Amnesty International recently
denounced
the climate of fear surrounding the elections, saying: “Since the
ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front took power 23 years ago, Rwandans have
faced huge, and often deadly, obstacles to participating in public life
and voicing criticism of government policy. The climate in which the
upcoming elections take place is the culmination of years of
repression.”
In these tense and oppressive circumstances, and given the widespread
allegations of manipulation in Rwanda’s previous elections, it is not
surprising that the head of the EU delegation in Kigali has
said that “you would not lose any money if you bet on Mr Paul Kagame”.
Indeed, a 90% or higher victory for Kagame on 4 August seems
inevitable in what will be coronation rather than election. All this is
underscored by the latest Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index
(BTI)
report
in which Rwanda scored a mere two out of ten for “free and fair
elections” and “effective power to govern”, and three for
“association/assembly rights” and “freedom of expression”.
